Angel María Dávila.
YUELI level 6
Summary 3: Nicotine Addiction
According to the authors Lynn T. Kozlowski, Jack E. Henningfield and Janet Brigham in the chapter “Tobacco Use as Nicotine Addiction” state that the words “addict and addiction” have a common way to be interpreted by people. For instance, when people refers to certain kinds of persons such as television devotees, those who drinks too much liquor, people who eat too much chocolate, and those who bet obsessively, in those cases the term addiction is applied (Kozlowski, Henningfield and Brigham, p.77). Therefore the word addiction has not related just with drugs intake (Kozlowski, Henningfield and Brigham, p.77). However, in the 18th century the term addiction was used to illustrate the compulsive used of tobacco (Murray, Bradley, Craigre, and Onions, 1933). Moreover, it says that in 1964 was stated that habit of tobacco was “reinforced and perpetuated by the pharmacological actions of nicotine on the central nervous system” (USDHEW, 1964, p.354). In addition, it is implied that tobacco products without nicotine do not cause the same satisfaction in the body and that is why nicotine is a principal factor in controlling the way of behaving of tobacco users (USDHEW, 1964, p.354). In conclusion, it is affirmed that all tobacco forms are addicting because of nicotine (USDHHS, 1988). And nicotine addiction is currently considered as a major factor why smokers can not quit smoking (Kozlowski, Henningfield and Brigham, p.92).
Reference
Lynn T. Kozlowski, Jack E. Henningfield and Janet Brigham (2001).Cigarettes, Nicotine & Health, A behavioral Approach.
Critique
In this chapter the authors objective is to inform about how nicotine becomes addict to those who use products such as cigarettes or any form of tobacco (USDHHS, 1988). As well as they state the common use of the terms “addict and addiction” when referring to popular things and drugs (Kozlowski, Henningfield and Brigham, p.77). Moreover they support their arguments with citations of others who have been studying the same topic. All what is said in the chapter is logical, clear and they do not state any fallacy ideas. The chapter is intended to those who want to strengthen their knowledge about nicotine addiction. I conclude saying that the authors are experts in writing because they give sufficient evidence about the topic and they support their statements as well.
Angel Dávila.
Level 6
YUELI
Sunday, July 29, 2007
Tuesday, July 24, 2007
Summary 1 YUELI
Angel María Dávila.
YUELI level 6
Summary: Smoking
According to Glassman Alexander H. “Cigarette Smoking: Implication for Psychiatric Illness.” American Journal of Psychiatry 150:4 (April 1993): 546-553. In Cecilia M. and Richard A Gray 1995, they establishes the connection of “smoking and smoking quitting”( Cecilia M. and Richard A Gray 1995) related to the most serious problems of depression as well as the effect of depressive disorders and the significance of those human behaviors for psychiatry. The authors explain that smoking is obviously associated with “negative affect” a general idea with respect to “anger, tension and anxiety” (G. Alexander H, p.227). People with high depressive problems would be more likely to start smoking than the rest of the society. (G. Alexander H, p.227). But those who have suffered depression during their lives and became smokers, when trying to stop would suffer of profound depressive behaviors as they fail in the quitting process. (G. Alexander H, p.228). The remedies for this problem is to take “antidepressants” or if these people restart smoking. (G. Alexander H, p.228). Nicotine is the main reason why it is so hard for smokers to quit. (Pomerleau, Ovide F. p234), therefore, when a smokers experiments “stress, anxiety and aggression” (Pomerleau, Ovide F. p236). The answer for that is to smoke. (Pomerleau, Ovide F. p236) However, not all the smokers who try to leave the cigarette have to face a psychiatric disorder. (G. Alexander H, p.228). The habit of smoking is difficult, it begins with a stage of curiosity and little by little the process becomes in addiction. (Haire J, Debra, Glen M, and Edwin B, p.243) Sometimes the habit of smoking is strengthened by advertisements and marketing work.
(Haire J, Debra, Glen M, and Edwin B, p.244). In addition, it is all-important the emotional help that the smoker receives of the people who are close to him/her to quit smoking. (Haire J, Debra, Glen M, and Edwin B, p.245)
YUELI level 6
Summary: Smoking
According to Glassman Alexander H. “Cigarette Smoking: Implication for Psychiatric Illness.” American Journal of Psychiatry 150:4 (April 1993): 546-553. In Cecilia M. and Richard A Gray 1995, they establishes the connection of “smoking and smoking quitting”( Cecilia M. and Richard A Gray 1995) related to the most serious problems of depression as well as the effect of depressive disorders and the significance of those human behaviors for psychiatry. The authors explain that smoking is obviously associated with “negative affect” a general idea with respect to “anger, tension and anxiety” (G. Alexander H, p.227). People with high depressive problems would be more likely to start smoking than the rest of the society. (G. Alexander H, p.227). But those who have suffered depression during their lives and became smokers, when trying to stop would suffer of profound depressive behaviors as they fail in the quitting process. (G. Alexander H, p.228). The remedies for this problem is to take “antidepressants” or if these people restart smoking. (G. Alexander H, p.228). Nicotine is the main reason why it is so hard for smokers to quit. (Pomerleau, Ovide F. p234), therefore, when a smokers experiments “stress, anxiety and aggression” (Pomerleau, Ovide F. p236). The answer for that is to smoke. (Pomerleau, Ovide F. p236) However, not all the smokers who try to leave the cigarette have to face a psychiatric disorder. (G. Alexander H, p.228). The habit of smoking is difficult, it begins with a stage of curiosity and little by little the process becomes in addiction. (Haire J, Debra, Glen M, and Edwin B, p.243) Sometimes the habit of smoking is strengthened by advertisements and marketing work.
(Haire J, Debra, Glen M, and Edwin B, p.244). In addition, it is all-important the emotional help that the smoker receives of the people who are close to him/her to quit smoking. (Haire J, Debra, Glen M, and Edwin B, p.245)
Summary 2 YUELI
Angel María Dávila.
YUELI level 6
Summary 2: Cigarette, Nicotine and death
According to the authors Lynn T. Kozlowski, Jack E. Henningfield and Janet Brigham in the chapter “Who Smokes and What Kills Them” (-U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1979), describe the result of smoking and the short period of smokers life. In 1995 about 3.1 people around the world died because of the use of cigarette and it is expected that about 500 million early deaths occurred in the current population worldwide (Collishaw and Lopéz, 1996, p.32). Kozlowski, Henningfield and Brigham say that cigarette smoke is the principal agent to cause lung cancer and the respiratory illnesses of “emphysema and bronchitis” (p.37). However, the way of illnesses change from one country to another in China, for instance, dies more people due to respiratory problems caused by smoking than lung cancer (Collishaw and Lopéz, 1996, p.42). Other diseases that are related to smoking and nicotine are heart attack, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis (Benowitz, 1998b, p.47). People who smoke are three times more in danger to suffer “myocardial infarction” than those who do not smoke (USDHHS, 1990, p.47). Smoking is the main factor of early “death” and physical illnesses in many countries around the world. The World Bank has calculated that “by the third decade (of the 21st century), “smoking is expected to kill 10 million people each year all over the world-more than the number of people ho die because of malaria, maternal and tuberculosis” (world bank, 1993).
Reference
Lynn T. Kozlowski, Jack E. Henningfield and Janet Brigham (2001).Cigarettes, Nicotine & Health, A behavioral Approach.
YUELI level 6
Summary 2: Cigarette, Nicotine and death
According to the authors Lynn T. Kozlowski, Jack E. Henningfield and Janet Brigham in the chapter “Who Smokes and What Kills Them” (-U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1979), describe the result of smoking and the short period of smokers life. In 1995 about 3.1 people around the world died because of the use of cigarette and it is expected that about 500 million early deaths occurred in the current population worldwide (Collishaw and Lopéz, 1996, p.32). Kozlowski, Henningfield and Brigham say that cigarette smoke is the principal agent to cause lung cancer and the respiratory illnesses of “emphysema and bronchitis” (p.37). However, the way of illnesses change from one country to another in China, for instance, dies more people due to respiratory problems caused by smoking than lung cancer (Collishaw and Lopéz, 1996, p.42). Other diseases that are related to smoking and nicotine are heart attack, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis (Benowitz, 1998b, p.47). People who smoke are three times more in danger to suffer “myocardial infarction” than those who do not smoke (USDHHS, 1990, p.47). Smoking is the main factor of early “death” and physical illnesses in many countries around the world. The World Bank has calculated that “by the third decade (of the 21st century), “smoking is expected to kill 10 million people each year all over the world-more than the number of people ho die because of malaria, maternal and tuberculosis” (world bank, 1993).
Reference
Lynn T. Kozlowski, Jack E. Henningfield and Janet Brigham (2001).Cigarettes, Nicotine & Health, A behavioral Approach.
Monday, July 9, 2007
My studies at YUELY
My name is Angel, but you can call me Mar. That's my friends call me.
I am from Nicaragua.
I like to work out a lot.
I am an English teacher.
It is my first time in Toronto.
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